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Menstrual cycle parameters

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  1. Munro MG, Critchley HOD, Fraser IS; FIGO Menstrual Disorders Committee. The two FIGO systems for normal and abnormal uterine bleeding symptoms and classification of causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in the reproductive years: 2018 revisions. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2018;143(3):393–408.From tool Primary source for all FIGO System 1 thresholds used on this site: frequency 24–38 days, duration 8 days or fewer, and the age-banded regularity criteria.
  2. Jain V, Munro MG, Critchley HOD. Contemporary evaluation of women and girls with abnormal uterine bleeding: FIGO Systems 1 and 2. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2023;162 Suppl 2:29–42.From tool 2023 update confirming the System 1 parameters and the PALM-COEIN classification of causes.
  3. Munro MG, Balen AH, Cho S, et al. The FIGO ovulatory disorders classification system. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2022;159:1–20.From tool Defines the ovulatory disorder spectrum and how it presents as menstrual change — the basis for the point that irregular bleeding follows irregular ovulation.
  4. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee Opinion No. 651: Menstruation in girls and adolescents: using the menstrual cycle as a vital sign. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;126(6):e143–e146.From tool Establishes the menstrual cycle as a vital sign, and the age-specific expectations for the years after menarche.
  5. Bull JR, Rowland SP, Berglund Scherwitzl E, et al. Real-world menstrual cycle characteristics of more than 600,000 menstrual cycles. NPJ Digit Med. 2019;2:83.From tool Source for the population mean cycle length of approximately 29.3 days and the spread around it.
  6. Harlow SD, Lin X, Ho MJ. Analysis of menstrual diary data across the reproductive life span. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000;53:722–733.From tool Within-woman cycle variability by age — the evidence behind treating variability as age-dependent rather than fixed.

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